/**
 * @file
 * Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol client
 *
 * @defgroup dhcp4 DHCPv4
 * @ingroup ip4
 * DHCP (IPv4) related functions
 * This is a DHCP client for the lwIP TCP/IP stack. It aims to conform
 * with RFC 2131 and RFC 2132.
 *
 * @todo:
 * - Support for interfaces other than Ethernet (SLIP, PPP, ...)
 *
 * Options:
 * @ref DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS (recommended 60 which is a minute)
 * @ref DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS (recommended 500 which equals TCP coarse timer)
 *
 * dhcp_start() starts a DHCP client instance which
 * configures the interface by obtaining an IP address lease and maintaining it.
 *
 * Use dhcp_release() to end the lease and use dhcp_stop()
 * to remove the DHCP client.
 *
 * @see LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_APPEND_OPTIONS
 * @see LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_PARSE_OPTION
 *
 * @see netifapi_dhcp4
 */

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2001-2004 Leon Woestenberg <leon.woestenberg@gmx.net>
 * Copyright (c) 2001-2004 Axon Digital Design B.V., The Netherlands.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
 * are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
 *    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
 *    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
 *    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT
 * SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT
 * OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
 * IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY
 * OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 * This file is part of the lwIP TCP/IP stack.
 * The Swedish Institute of Computer Science and Adam Dunkels
 * are specifically granted permission to redistribute this
 * source code.
 *
 * Author: Leon Woestenberg <leon.woestenberg@gmx.net>
 *
 */

#include "lwip/opt.h"

#if LWIP_IPV4 && LWIP_DHCP /* don't build if not configured for use in lwipopts.h */

#include "lwip/stats.h"
#include "lwip/mem.h"
#include "lwip/udp.h"
#include "lwip/ip_addr.h"
#include "lwip/netif.h"
#include "lwip/def.h"
#include "lwip/dhcp.h"
#include "lwip/autoip.h"
#include "lwip/acd.h"
#include "lwip/dns.h"
#include "lwip/etharp.h"
#include "lwip/prot/dhcp.h"
#include "lwip/prot/iana.h"

#include <string.h>

#ifdef LWIP_HOOK_FILENAME
#include LWIP_HOOK_FILENAME
#endif
#ifndef LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_APPEND_OPTIONS
#define LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_APPEND_OPTIONS(netif, dhcp, state, msg, msg_type, options_len_ptr)
#endif
#ifndef LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_PARSE_OPTION
#define LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_PARSE_OPTION(netif, dhcp, state, msg, msg_type, option, len, pbuf, offset) do { LWIP_UNUSED_ARG(msg); } while(0)
#endif

/** DHCP_CREATE_RAND_XID: if this is set to 1, the xid is created using
 * LWIP_RAND() (this overrides DHCP_GLOBAL_XID)
 */
#ifndef DHCP_CREATE_RAND_XID
#define DHCP_CREATE_RAND_XID        1
#endif

/** Default for DHCP_GLOBAL_XID is 0xABCD0000
 * This can be changed by defining DHCP_GLOBAL_XID and DHCP_GLOBAL_XID_HEADER, e.g.
 *  \#define DHCP_GLOBAL_XID_HEADER "stdlib.h"
 *  \#define DHCP_GLOBAL_XID rand()
 */
#ifdef DHCP_GLOBAL_XID_HEADER
#include DHCP_GLOBAL_XID_HEADER /* include optional starting XID generation prototypes */
#endif

/** DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE is set to the MTU
 * MTU is checked to be big enough in dhcp_start */
#define DHCP_MAX_MSG_LEN(netif)        (netif->mtu)
#define DHCP_MAX_MSG_LEN_MIN_REQUIRED  576
/** Minimum length for reply before packet is parsed */
#define DHCP_MIN_REPLY_LEN             44

#define REBOOT_TRIES                2

#if LWIP_DNS && LWIP_DHCP_MAX_DNS_SERVERS
#if DNS_MAX_SERVERS > LWIP_DHCP_MAX_DNS_SERVERS
#define LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS LWIP_DHCP_MAX_DNS_SERVERS
#else
#define LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS DNS_MAX_SERVERS
#endif
#else
#define LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS 0
#endif

/** Option handling: options are parsed in dhcp_parse_reply
 * and saved in an array where other functions can load them from.
 * This might be moved into the struct dhcp (not necessarily since
 * lwIP is single-threaded and the array is only used while in recv
 * callback). */
enum dhcp_option_idx {
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_OVERLOAD = 0,
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MSG_TYPE,
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_SERVER_ID,
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_LEASE_TIME,
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_T1,
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_T2,
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_SUBNET_MASK,
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_ROUTER,
#if LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_DNS_SERVER,
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_DNS_SERVER_LAST = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_DNS_SERVER + LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS - 1,
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS */
#if LWIP_DHCP_GET_NTP_SRV
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_NTP_SERVER,
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_NTP_SERVER_LAST = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_NTP_SERVER + LWIP_DHCP_MAX_NTP_SERVERS - 1,
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_GET_NTP_SRV */
  DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MAX
};

/** Holds the decoded option values, only valid while in dhcp_recv.
    @todo: move this into struct dhcp? */
u32_t dhcp_rx_options_val[DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MAX];
/** Holds a flag which option was received and is contained in dhcp_rx_options_val,
    only valid while in dhcp_recv.
    @todo: move this into struct dhcp? */
u8_t  dhcp_rx_options_given[DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MAX];

static u8_t dhcp_discover_request_options[] = {
  DHCP_OPTION_SUBNET_MASK,
  DHCP_OPTION_ROUTER,
  DHCP_OPTION_BROADCAST
#if LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS
  , DHCP_OPTION_DNS_SERVER
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS */
#if LWIP_DHCP_GET_NTP_SRV
  , DHCP_OPTION_NTP
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_GET_NTP_SRV */
};

#ifdef DHCP_GLOBAL_XID
static u32_t xid;
static u8_t xid_initialised;
#endif /* DHCP_GLOBAL_XID */

#define dhcp_option_given(dhcp, idx)          (dhcp_rx_options_given[idx] != 0)
#define dhcp_got_option(dhcp, idx)            (dhcp_rx_options_given[idx] = 1)
#define dhcp_clear_option(dhcp, idx)          (dhcp_rx_options_given[idx] = 0)
#define dhcp_clear_all_options(dhcp)          (memset(dhcp_rx_options_given, 0, sizeof(dhcp_rx_options_given)))
#define dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, idx)      (dhcp_rx_options_val[idx])
#define dhcp_set_option_value(dhcp, idx, val) (dhcp_rx_options_val[idx] = (val))

static struct udp_pcb *dhcp_pcb;
static u8_t dhcp_pcb_refcount;

/* DHCP client state machine functions */
static err_t dhcp_discover(struct netif *netif);
static err_t dhcp_select(struct netif *netif);
static void dhcp_bind(struct netif *netif);
#if LWIP_DHCP_DOES_ACD_CHECK
static err_t dhcp_decline(struct netif *netif);
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_DOES_ACD_CHECK */
static err_t dhcp_rebind(struct netif *netif);
static err_t dhcp_reboot(struct netif *netif);
static void dhcp_set_state(struct dhcp *dhcp, u8_t new_state);

/* receive, unfold, parse and free incoming messages */
static void dhcp_recv(void *arg, struct udp_pcb *pcb, struct pbuf *p, const ip_addr_t *addr, u16_t port);

/* set the DHCP timers */
static void dhcp_timeout(struct netif *netif);
static void dhcp_t1_timeout(struct netif *netif);
static void dhcp_t2_timeout(struct netif *netif);

/* build outgoing messages */
/* create a DHCP message, fill in common headers */
static struct pbuf *dhcp_create_msg(struct netif *netif, struct dhcp *dhcp, u8_t message_type, u16_t *options_out_len);
/* add a DHCP option (type, then length in bytes) */
static u16_t dhcp_option(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, u8_t option_type, u8_t option_len);
/* add option values */
static u16_t dhcp_option_byte(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, u8_t value);
static u16_t dhcp_option_short(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, u16_t value);
static u16_t dhcp_option_long(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, u32_t value);
#if LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME
static u16_t dhcp_option_hostname(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, struct netif *netif);
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME */
/* always add the DHCP options trailer to end and pad */
static void dhcp_option_trailer(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, struct pbuf *p_out);

/** Ensure DHCP PCB is allocated and bound */
static err_t
dhcp_inc_pcb_refcount(void)
{
  if (dhcp_pcb_refcount == 0) {
    LWIP_ASSERT("dhcp_inc_pcb_refcount(): memory leak", dhcp_pcb == NULL);

    /* allocate UDP PCB */
    dhcp_pcb = udp_new();

    if (dhcp_pcb == NULL) {
      return ERR_MEM;
    }

    ip_set_option(dhcp_pcb, SOF_BROADCAST);

    /* set up local and remote port for the pcb -> listen on all interfaces on all src/dest IPs */
    udp_bind(dhcp_pcb, IP4_ADDR_ANY, LWIP_IANA_PORT_DHCP_CLIENT);
    udp_connect(dhcp_pcb, IP4_ADDR_ANY, LWIP_IANA_PORT_DHCP_SERVER);
    udp_recv(dhcp_pcb, dhcp_recv, NULL);
  }

  dhcp_pcb_refcount++;

  return ERR_OK;
}

/** Free DHCP PCB if the last netif stops using it */
static void
dhcp_dec_pcb_refcount(void)
{
  LWIP_ASSERT("dhcp_pcb_refcount(): refcount error", (dhcp_pcb_refcount > 0));
  dhcp_pcb_refcount--;

  if (dhcp_pcb_refcount == 0) {
    udp_remove(dhcp_pcb);
    dhcp_pcb = NULL;
  }
}

/**
 * Back-off the DHCP client (because of a received NAK response).
 *
 * Back-off the DHCP client because of a received NAK. Receiving a
 * NAK means the client asked for something non-sensible, for
 * example when it tries to renew a lease obtained on another network.
 *
 * We clear any existing set IP address and restart DHCP negotiation
 * afresh (as per RFC2131 3.2.3).
 *
 * @param netif the netif under DHCP control
 */
static void
dhcp_handle_nak(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_handle_nak(netif=%p) %c%c%"U16_F"\n",
              (void *)netif, netif->name[0], netif->name[1], (u16_t)netif->num));
  /* Change to a defined state - set this before assigning the address
     to ensure the callback can use dhcp_supplied_address() */
  dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_BACKING_OFF);
  /* remove IP address from interface (must no longer be used, as per RFC2131) */
  netif_set_addr(netif, IP4_ADDR_ANY4, IP4_ADDR_ANY4, IP4_ADDR_ANY4);
  /* We can immediately restart discovery */
  dhcp_discover(netif);
}

#if LWIP_DHCP_DOES_ACD_CHECK
/**
* Handle conflict information from ACD module
*
* @param netif   network interface to handle conflict information on
* @param state   acd_callback_enum_t
 */
static void
dhcp_conflict_callback(struct netif *netif, acd_callback_enum_t state)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
  u16_t msecs;

  switch (state) {
    case ACD_IP_OK:
      dhcp_bind(netif);
      break;
    case ACD_RESTART_CLIENT:
      /* wait 10s before restarting
       * According to RFC2131 section 3.1 point 5:
       * If the client detects that the address is already in use (e.g., through
       * the use of ARP), the client MUST send a DHCPDECLINE message to the
       * server and restarts the configuration process.  The client SHOULD wait
       * a minimum of ten seconds before restarting the configuration process to
       * avoid excessive network traffic in case of looping. */
       dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_BACKING_OFF);
       msecs = 10 * 1000;
       dhcp->request_timeout = (u16_t)((msecs + DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS - 1) / DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS);
       LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_decline(): set request timeout %"U16_F" msecs\n", msecs));
      break;
    case ACD_DECLINE:
      /* remove IP address from interface
       * (prevents routing from selecting this interface) */
      netif_set_addr(netif, IP4_ADDR_ANY4, IP4_ADDR_ANY4, IP4_ADDR_ANY4);
      /* Let the DHCP server know we will not use the address */
      dhcp_decline(netif);
      break;
    default:
      break;
  }
}

/**
 * Checks if the offered IP address is already in use.
 *
 * It does this according to the address conflict detection method described in
 * RFC5227.
 *
 * @param netif the netif under DHCP control
 */
static void
dhcp_check(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_check(netif=%p) %c%c\n", (void *)netif, (s16_t)netif->name[0],
              (s16_t)netif->name[1]));
  dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_CHECKING);

  /* start ACD module */
  acd_start(netif, &dhcp->acd, dhcp->offered_ip_addr);
}
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_DOES_ACD_CHECK */

/**
 * Remember the configuration offered by a DHCP server.
 *
 * @param netif the netif under DHCP control
 */
static void
dhcp_handle_offer(struct netif *netif, struct dhcp_msg *msg_in)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_handle_offer(netif=%p) %c%c%"U16_F"\n",
              (void *)netif, netif->name[0], netif->name[1], (u16_t)netif->num));
  /* obtain the server address */
  if (dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_SERVER_ID)) {
    dhcp->request_timeout = 0; /* stop timer */

    ip_addr_set_ip4_u32(&dhcp->server_ip_addr, lwip_htonl(dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_SERVER_ID)));
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_handle_offer(): server 0x%08"X32_F"\n",
                ip4_addr_get_u32(ip_2_ip4(&dhcp->server_ip_addr))));
    /* remember offered address */
    ip4_addr_copy(dhcp->offered_ip_addr, msg_in->yiaddr);
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_handle_offer(): offer for 0x%08"X32_F"\n",
                ip4_addr_get_u32(&dhcp->offered_ip_addr)));

    dhcp_select(netif);
  } else {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS,
                ("dhcp_handle_offer(netif=%p) did not get server ID!\n", (void *)netif));
  }
}

/**
 * Select a DHCP server offer out of all offers.
 *
 * Simply select the first offer received.
 *
 * @param netif the netif under DHCP control
 * @return lwIP specific error (see error.h)
 */
static err_t
dhcp_select(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp;
  err_t result;
  u16_t msecs;
  u8_t i;
  struct pbuf *p_out;
  u16_t options_out_len;

  LWIP_ERROR("dhcp_select: netif != NULL", (netif != NULL), return ERR_ARG;);
  dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
  LWIP_ERROR("dhcp_select: dhcp != NULL", (dhcp != NULL), return ERR_VAL;);

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_select(netif=%p) %c%c%"U16_F"\n", (void *)netif, netif->name[0], netif->name[1], (u16_t)netif->num));
  dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_REQUESTING);

  /* create and initialize the DHCP message header */
  p_out = dhcp_create_msg(netif, dhcp, DHCP_REQUEST, &options_out_len);
  if (p_out != NULL) {
    struct dhcp_msg *msg_out = (struct dhcp_msg *)p_out->payload;
    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE_LEN);
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_short(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_MAX_MSG_LEN(netif));

    /* MUST request the offered IP address */
    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_REQUESTED_IP, 4);
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_long(options_out_len, msg_out->options, lwip_ntohl(ip4_addr_get_u32(&dhcp->offered_ip_addr)));

    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_SERVER_ID, 4);
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_long(options_out_len, msg_out->options, lwip_ntohl(ip4_addr_get_u32(ip_2_ip4(&dhcp->server_ip_addr))));

    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_PARAMETER_REQUEST_LIST, LWIP_ARRAYSIZE(dhcp_discover_request_options));
    for (i = 0; i < LWIP_ARRAYSIZE(dhcp_discover_request_options); i++) {
      options_out_len = dhcp_option_byte(options_out_len, msg_out->options, dhcp_discover_request_options[i]);
    }

#if LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_hostname(options_out_len, msg_out->options, netif);
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME */

    LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_APPEND_OPTIONS(netif, dhcp, DHCP_STATE_REQUESTING, msg_out, DHCP_REQUEST, &options_out_len);
    dhcp_option_trailer(options_out_len, msg_out->options, p_out);

    /* send broadcast to any DHCP server */
    result = udp_sendto_if_src(dhcp_pcb, p_out, IP_ADDR_BROADCAST, LWIP_IANA_PORT_DHCP_SERVER, netif, IP4_ADDR_ANY);
    pbuf_free(p_out);
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_select: REQUESTING\n"));
  } else {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_WARNING, ("dhcp_select: could not allocate DHCP request\n"));
    result = ERR_MEM;
  }
  if (dhcp->tries < 255) {
    dhcp->tries++;
  }
  msecs = (u16_t)((dhcp->tries < 6 ? 1 << dhcp->tries : 60) * 1000);
  dhcp->request_timeout = (u16_t)((msecs + DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS - 1) / DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS);
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_select(): set request timeout %"U16_F" msecs\n", msecs));
  return result;
}

/**
 * The DHCP timer that checks for lease renewal/rebind timeouts.
 * Must be called once a minute (see @ref DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS).
 */
void
dhcp_coarse_tmr(void)
{
  struct netif *netif;
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_coarse_tmr()\n"));
  /* iterate through all network interfaces */
  NETIF_FOREACH(netif) {
    /* only act on DHCP configured interfaces */
    struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
    if ((dhcp != NULL) && (dhcp->state != DHCP_STATE_OFF)) {
      /* compare lease time to expire timeout */
      if (dhcp->t0_timeout && (++dhcp->lease_used == dhcp->t0_timeout)) {
        LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_coarse_tmr(): t0 timeout\n"));
        /* this clients' lease time has expired */
        dhcp_release_and_stop(netif);
        dhcp_start(netif);
        /* timer is active (non zero), and triggers (zeroes) now? */
      } else if (dhcp->t2_rebind_time && (dhcp->t2_rebind_time-- == 1)) {
        LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_coarse_tmr(): t2 timeout\n"));
        /* this clients' rebind timeout triggered */
        dhcp_t2_timeout(netif);
        /* timer is active (non zero), and triggers (zeroes) now */
      } else if (dhcp->t1_renew_time && (dhcp->t1_renew_time-- == 1)) {
        LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_coarse_tmr(): t1 timeout\n"));
        /* this clients' renewal timeout triggered */
        dhcp_t1_timeout(netif);
      }
    }
  }
}

/**
 * DHCP transaction timeout handling (this function must be called every 500ms,
 * see @ref DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS).
 *
 * A DHCP server is expected to respond within a short period of time.
 * This timer checks whether an outstanding DHCP request is timed out.
 */
void
dhcp_fine_tmr(void)
{
  struct netif *netif;
  /* loop through netif's */
  NETIF_FOREACH(netif) {
    struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
    /* only act on DHCP configured interfaces */
    if (dhcp != NULL) {
      /* timer is active (non zero), and is about to trigger now */
      if (dhcp->request_timeout > 1) {
        dhcp->request_timeout--;
      } else if (dhcp->request_timeout == 1) {
        dhcp->request_timeout--;
        /* { dhcp->request_timeout == 0 } */
        LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_fine_tmr(): request timeout\n"));
        /* this client's request timeout triggered */
        dhcp_timeout(netif);
      }
    }
  }
}

/**
 * A DHCP negotiation transaction, or ARP request, has timed out.
 *
 * The timer that was started with the DHCP or ARP request has
 * timed out, indicating no response was received in time.
 *
 * @param netif the netif under DHCP control
 */
static void
dhcp_timeout(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_timeout()\n"));
  /* back-off period has passed, or server selection timed out */
  if ((dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_BACKING_OFF) || (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_SELECTING)) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_timeout(): restarting discovery\n"));
    dhcp_discover(netif);
    /* receiving the requested lease timed out */
  } else if (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REQUESTING) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_timeout(): REQUESTING, DHCP request timed out\n"));
    if (dhcp->tries <= 5) {
      dhcp_select(netif);
    } else {
      LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_timeout(): REQUESTING, releasing, restarting\n"));
      dhcp_release_and_stop(netif);
      dhcp_start(netif);
    }
  } else if (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REBOOTING) {
    if (dhcp->tries < REBOOT_TRIES) {
      dhcp_reboot(netif);
    } else {
      dhcp_discover(netif);
    }
  }
}

/**
 * The renewal period has timed out.
 *
 * @param netif the netif under DHCP control
 */
static void
dhcp_t1_timeout(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_t1_timeout()\n"));
  if ((dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REQUESTING) || (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_BOUND) ||
      (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_RENEWING)) {
    /* just retry to renew - note that the rebind timer (t2) will
     * eventually time-out if renew tries fail. */
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE,
                ("dhcp_t1_timeout(): must renew\n"));
    /* This slightly different to RFC2131: DHCPREQUEST will be sent from state
       DHCP_STATE_RENEWING, not DHCP_STATE_BOUND */
    dhcp_renew(netif);
    /* Calculate next timeout */
    if (((dhcp->t2_timeout - dhcp->lease_used) / 2) >= ((60 + DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS / 2) / DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS)) {
      dhcp->t1_renew_time = (u16_t)((dhcp->t2_timeout - dhcp->lease_used) / 2);
    }
  }
}

/**
 * The rebind period has timed out.
 *
 * @param netif the netif under DHCP control
 */
static void
dhcp_t2_timeout(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_t2_timeout()\n"));
  if ((dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REQUESTING) || (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_BOUND) ||
      (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_RENEWING) || (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REBINDING)) {
    /* just retry to rebind */
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE,
                ("dhcp_t2_timeout(): must rebind\n"));
    /* This slightly different to RFC2131: DHCPREQUEST will be sent from state
       DHCP_STATE_REBINDING, not DHCP_STATE_BOUND */
    dhcp_rebind(netif);
    /* Calculate next timeout */
    if (((dhcp->t0_timeout - dhcp->lease_used) / 2) >= ((60 + DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS / 2) / DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS)) {
      dhcp->t2_rebind_time = (u16_t)((dhcp->t0_timeout - dhcp->lease_used) / 2);
    }
  }
}

/**
 * Handle a DHCP ACK packet
 *
 * @param netif the netif under DHCP control
 */
static void
dhcp_handle_ack(struct netif *netif, struct dhcp_msg *msg_in)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);

#if LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS || LWIP_DHCP_GET_NTP_SRV
  u8_t n;
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS || LWIP_DHCP_GET_NTP_SRV */
#if LWIP_DHCP_GET_NTP_SRV
  ip4_addr_t ntp_server_addrs[LWIP_DHCP_MAX_NTP_SERVERS];
#endif

  /* clear options we might not get from the ACK */
  ip4_addr_set_zero(&dhcp->offered_sn_mask);
  ip4_addr_set_zero(&dhcp->offered_gw_addr);
#if LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE
  ip4_addr_set_zero(&dhcp->offered_si_addr);
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE */

  /* lease time given? */
  if (dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_LEASE_TIME)) {
    /* remember offered lease time */
    dhcp->offered_t0_lease = dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_LEASE_TIME);
  }
  /* renewal period given? */
  if (dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_T1)) {
    /* remember given renewal period */
    dhcp->offered_t1_renew = dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_T1);
  } else {
    /* calculate safe periods for renewal */
    dhcp->offered_t1_renew = dhcp->offered_t0_lease / 2;
  }

  /* renewal period given? */
  if (dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_T2)) {
    /* remember given rebind period */
    dhcp->offered_t2_rebind = dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_T2);
  } else {
    /* calculate safe periods for rebinding (offered_t0_lease * 0.875 -> 87.5%)*/
    dhcp->offered_t2_rebind = (dhcp->offered_t0_lease * 7U) / 8U;
  }

  /* (y)our internet address */
  ip4_addr_copy(dhcp->offered_ip_addr, msg_in->yiaddr);

#if LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE
  /* copy boot server address,
     boot file name copied in dhcp_parse_reply if not overloaded */
  ip4_addr_copy(dhcp->offered_si_addr, msg_in->siaddr);
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE */

  /* subnet mask given? */
  if (dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_SUBNET_MASK)) {
    /* remember given subnet mask */
    ip4_addr_set_u32(&dhcp->offered_sn_mask, lwip_htonl(dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_SUBNET_MASK)));
    dhcp->subnet_mask_given = 1;
  } else {
    dhcp->subnet_mask_given = 0;
  }

  /* gateway router */
  if (dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_ROUTER)) {
    ip4_addr_set_u32(&dhcp->offered_gw_addr, lwip_htonl(dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_ROUTER)));
  }

#if LWIP_DHCP_GET_NTP_SRV
  /* NTP servers */
  for (n = 0; (n < LWIP_DHCP_MAX_NTP_SERVERS) && dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_NTP_SERVER + n); n++) {
    ip4_addr_set_u32(&ntp_server_addrs[n], lwip_htonl(dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_NTP_SERVER + n)));
  }
  dhcp_set_ntp_servers(n, ntp_server_addrs);
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_GET_NTP_SRV */

#if LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS
  /* DNS servers */
  for (n = 0; (n < LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS) && dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_DNS_SERVER + n); n++) {
    ip_addr_t dns_addr;
    ip_addr_set_ip4_u32_val(dns_addr, lwip_htonl(dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_DNS_SERVER + n)));
    dns_setserver(n, &dns_addr);
  }
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS */
}

/**
 * @ingroup dhcp4
 * Set a statically allocated struct dhcp to work with.
 * Using this prevents dhcp_start to allocate it using mem_malloc.
 *
 * @param netif the netif for which to set the struct dhcp
 * @param dhcp (uninitialised) dhcp struct allocated by the application
 */
void
dhcp_set_struct(struct netif *netif, struct dhcp *dhcp)
{
  LWIP_ASSERT_CORE_LOCKED();
  LWIP_ASSERT("netif != NULL", netif != NULL);
  LWIP_ASSERT("dhcp != NULL", dhcp != NULL);
  LWIP_ASSERT("netif already has a struct dhcp set", netif_dhcp_data(netif) == NULL);

  /* clear data structure */
  memset(dhcp, 0, sizeof(struct dhcp));
  /* dhcp_set_state(&dhcp, DHCP_STATE_OFF); */
  netif_set_client_data(netif, LWIP_NETIF_CLIENT_DATA_INDEX_DHCP, dhcp);
}

/**
 * @ingroup dhcp4
 * Removes a struct dhcp from a netif.
 *
 * ATTENTION: Only use this when not using dhcp_set_struct() to allocate the
 *            struct dhcp since the memory is passed back to the heap.
 *
 * @param netif the netif from which to remove the struct dhcp
 */
void dhcp_cleanup(struct netif *netif)
{
  LWIP_ASSERT_CORE_LOCKED();
  LWIP_ASSERT("netif != NULL", netif != NULL);

  if (netif_dhcp_data(netif) != NULL) {
    mem_free(netif_dhcp_data(netif));
    netif_set_client_data(netif, LWIP_NETIF_CLIENT_DATA_INDEX_DHCP, NULL);
  }
}

/**
 * @ingroup dhcp4
 * Start DHCP negotiation for a network interface.
 *
 * If no DHCP client instance was attached to this interface,
 * a new client is created first. If a DHCP client instance
 * was already present, it restarts negotiation.
 *
 * @param netif The lwIP network interface
 * @return lwIP error code
 * - ERR_OK - No error
 * - ERR_MEM - Out of memory
 */
err_t
dhcp_start(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp;
  err_t result;

  LWIP_ASSERT_CORE_LOCKED();
  LWIP_ERROR("netif != NULL", (netif != NULL), return ERR_ARG;);
  LWIP_ERROR("netif is not up, old style port?", netif_is_up(netif), return ERR_ARG;);
  dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_start(netif=%p) %c%c%"U16_F"\n", (void *)netif, netif->name[0], netif->name[1], (u16_t)netif->num));

  /* check MTU of the netif */
  if (netif->mtu < DHCP_MAX_MSG_LEN_MIN_REQUIRED) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_start(): Cannot use this netif with DHCP: MTU is too small\n"));
    return ERR_MEM;
  }

  /* no DHCP client attached yet? */
  if (dhcp == NULL) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_start(): mallocing new DHCP client\n"));
    dhcp = (struct dhcp *)mem_malloc(sizeof(struct dhcp));
    if (dhcp == NULL) {
      LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_start(): could not allocate dhcp\n"));
      return ERR_MEM;
    }

    /* store this dhcp client in the netif */
    netif_set_client_data(netif, LWIP_NETIF_CLIENT_DATA_INDEX_DHCP, dhcp);
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_start(): allocated dhcp"));
    /* already has DHCP client attached */
  } else {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_start(): restarting DHCP configuration\n"));

    if (dhcp->pcb_allocated != 0) {
      dhcp_dec_pcb_refcount(); /* free DHCP PCB if not needed any more */
    }
    /* dhcp is cleared below, no need to reset flag*/
  }

  /* clear data structure */
  memset(dhcp, 0, sizeof(struct dhcp));
  /* dhcp_set_state(&dhcp, DHCP_STATE_OFF); */


#if LWIP_DHCP_DOES_ACD_CHECK
  /* add acd struct to list*/
  acd_add(netif, &dhcp->acd, dhcp_conflict_callback);
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_DOES_ACD_CHECK */


  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_start(): starting DHCP configuration\n"));

  if (dhcp_inc_pcb_refcount() != ERR_OK) { /* ensure DHCP PCB is allocated */
    return ERR_MEM;
  }
  dhcp->pcb_allocated = 1;

  if (!netif_is_link_up(netif)) {
    /* set state INIT and wait for dhcp_network_changed() to call dhcp_discover() */
    dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_INIT);
    return ERR_OK;
  }

  /* (re)start the DHCP negotiation */
  result = dhcp_discover(netif);
  if (result != ERR_OK) {
    /* free resources allocated above */
    dhcp_release_and_stop(netif);
    return ERR_MEM;
  }
  return result;
}

/**
 * @ingroup dhcp4
 * Inform a DHCP server of our manual configuration.
 *
 * This informs DHCP servers of our fixed IP address configuration
 * by sending an INFORM message. It does not involve DHCP address
 * configuration, it is just here to be nice to the network.
 *
 * @param netif The lwIP network interface
 */
void
dhcp_inform(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp dhcp;
  struct pbuf *p_out;
  u16_t options_out_len;

  LWIP_ASSERT_CORE_LOCKED();
  LWIP_ERROR("netif != NULL", (netif != NULL), return;);

  if (dhcp_inc_pcb_refcount() != ERR_OK) { /* ensure DHCP PCB is allocated */
    return;
  }

  memset(&dhcp, 0, sizeof(struct dhcp));
  dhcp_set_state(&dhcp, DHCP_STATE_INFORMING);

  /* create and initialize the DHCP message header */
  p_out = dhcp_create_msg(netif, &dhcp, DHCP_INFORM, &options_out_len);
  if (p_out != NULL) {
    struct dhcp_msg *msg_out = (struct dhcp_msg *)p_out->payload;
    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE_LEN);
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_short(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_MAX_MSG_LEN(netif));

    LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_APPEND_OPTIONS(netif, &dhcp, DHCP_STATE_INFORMING, msg_out, DHCP_INFORM, &options_out_len);
    dhcp_option_trailer(options_out_len, msg_out->options, p_out);

    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_inform: INFORMING\n"));

    udp_sendto_if(dhcp_pcb, p_out, IP_ADDR_BROADCAST, LWIP_IANA_PORT_DHCP_SERVER, netif);

    pbuf_free(p_out);
  } else {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS, ("dhcp_inform: could not allocate DHCP request\n"));
  }

  dhcp_dec_pcb_refcount(); /* delete DHCP PCB if not needed any more */
}

/** Handle a possible change in the network configuration.
 *
 * This enters the REBOOTING state to verify that the currently bound
 * address is still valid.
 */
void
dhcp_network_changed_link_up(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);

  if (!dhcp) {
    return;
  }
  switch (dhcp->state) {
    case DHCP_STATE_REBINDING:
    case DHCP_STATE_RENEWING:
    case DHCP_STATE_BOUND:
    case DHCP_STATE_REBOOTING:
      dhcp->tries = 0;
      dhcp_reboot(netif);
      break;
    case DHCP_STATE_OFF:
      /* stay off */
      break;
    default:
      LWIP_ASSERT("invalid dhcp->state", dhcp->state <= DHCP_STATE_BACKING_OFF);
      /* INIT/REQUESTING/CHECKING/BACKING_OFF restart with new 'rid' because the
         state changes, SELECTING: continue with current 'rid' as we stay in the
         same state */
      /* ensure we start with short timeouts, even if already discovering */
      dhcp->tries = 0;
      dhcp_discover(netif);
      break;
  }
}

#if LWIP_DHCP_DOES_ACD_CHECK
/**
 * Decline an offered lease.
 *
 * Tell the DHCP server we do not accept the offered address.
 * One reason to decline the lease is when we find out the address
 * is already in use by another host (through ARP).
 *
 * @param netif the netif under DHCP control
 */
static err_t
dhcp_decline(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
  err_t result;
  struct pbuf *p_out;
  u16_t options_out_len;

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_decline()\n"));
  dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_BACKING_OFF);

  /* create and initialize the DHCP message header */
  p_out = dhcp_create_msg(netif, dhcp, DHCP_DECLINE, &options_out_len);
  if (p_out != NULL) {
    struct dhcp_msg *msg_out = (struct dhcp_msg *)p_out->payload;
    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_REQUESTED_IP, 4);
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_long(options_out_len, msg_out->options, lwip_ntohl(ip4_addr_get_u32(&dhcp->offered_ip_addr)));

    LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_APPEND_OPTIONS(netif, dhcp, DHCP_STATE_BACKING_OFF, msg_out, DHCP_DECLINE, &options_out_len);
    dhcp_option_trailer(options_out_len, msg_out->options, p_out);

    /* per section 4.4.4, broadcast DECLINE messages */
    result = udp_sendto_if_src(dhcp_pcb, p_out, IP_ADDR_BROADCAST, LWIP_IANA_PORT_DHCP_SERVER, netif, IP4_ADDR_ANY);
    pbuf_free(p_out);
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_decline: BACKING OFF\n"));
  } else {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS,
                ("dhcp_decline: could not allocate DHCP request\n"));
    result = ERR_MEM;
  }
  return result;
}
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_DOES_ACD_CHECK */


/**
 * Start the DHCP process, discover a DHCP server.
 *
 * @param netif the netif under DHCP control
 */
static err_t
dhcp_discover(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
  err_t result = ERR_OK;
  u16_t msecs;
  u8_t i;
  struct pbuf *p_out;
  u16_t options_out_len;

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_discover()\n"));

#if LWIP_DHCP_AUTOIP_COOP
  if (dhcp->tries >= LWIP_DHCP_AUTOIP_COOP_TRIES) {
    autoip_start(netif);
  }
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_AUTOIP_COOP */

  ip4_addr_set_any(&dhcp->offered_ip_addr);
  dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_SELECTING);
  /* create and initialize the DHCP message header */
  p_out = dhcp_create_msg(netif, dhcp, DHCP_DISCOVER, &options_out_len);
  if (p_out != NULL) {
    struct dhcp_msg *msg_out = (struct dhcp_msg *)p_out->payload;
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_discover: making request\n"));

    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE_LEN);
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_short(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_MAX_MSG_LEN(netif));

    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_PARAMETER_REQUEST_LIST, LWIP_ARRAYSIZE(dhcp_discover_request_options));
    for (i = 0; i < LWIP_ARRAYSIZE(dhcp_discover_request_options); i++) {
      options_out_len = dhcp_option_byte(options_out_len, msg_out->options, dhcp_discover_request_options[i]);
    }
    LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_APPEND_OPTIONS(netif, dhcp, DHCP_STATE_SELECTING, msg_out, DHCP_DISCOVER, &options_out_len);
    dhcp_option_trailer(options_out_len, msg_out->options, p_out);

    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_discover: sendto(DISCOVER, IP_ADDR_BROADCAST, LWIP_IANA_PORT_DHCP_SERVER)\n"));
    udp_sendto_if_src(dhcp_pcb, p_out, IP_ADDR_BROADCAST, LWIP_IANA_PORT_DHCP_SERVER, netif, IP4_ADDR_ANY);
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_discover: deleting()\n"));
    pbuf_free(p_out);
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_discover: SELECTING\n"));
  } else {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS, ("dhcp_discover: could not allocate DHCP request\n"));
  }

  if (dhcp->tries < 255) {
    dhcp->tries++;
  }
  msecs = (u16_t)((dhcp->tries < 6 ? 1 << dhcp->tries : 60) * 1000);
  dhcp->request_timeout = (u16_t)((msecs + DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS - 1) / DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS);
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_discover(): set request timeout %"U16_F" msecs\n", msecs));
  return result;
}


/**
 * Bind the interface to the offered IP address.
 *
 * @param netif network interface to bind to the offered address
 */
static void
dhcp_bind(struct netif *netif)
{
  u32_t timeout;
  struct dhcp *dhcp;
  ip4_addr_t sn_mask, gw_addr;
  LWIP_ERROR("dhcp_bind: netif != NULL", (netif != NULL), return;);
  dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
  LWIP_ERROR("dhcp_bind: dhcp != NULL", (dhcp != NULL), return;);
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_bind(netif=%p) %c%c%"U16_F"\n", (void *)netif, netif->name[0], netif->name[1], (u16_t)netif->num));

  /* reset time used of lease */
  dhcp->lease_used = 0;

  if (dhcp->offered_t0_lease != 0xffffffffUL) {
    /* set renewal period timer */
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_bind(): t0 renewal timer %"U32_F" secs\n", dhcp->offered_t0_lease));
    timeout = (dhcp->offered_t0_lease + DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS / 2) / DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS;
    if (timeout > 0xffff) {
      timeout = 0xffff;
    }
    dhcp->t0_timeout = (u16_t)timeout;
    if (dhcp->t0_timeout == 0) {
      dhcp->t0_timeout = 1;
    }
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_bind(): set request timeout %"U32_F" msecs\n", dhcp->offered_t0_lease * 1000));
  }

  /* temporary DHCP lease? */
  if (dhcp->offered_t1_renew != 0xffffffffUL) {
    /* set renewal period timer */
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_bind(): t1 renewal timer %"U32_F" secs\n", dhcp->offered_t1_renew));
    timeout = (dhcp->offered_t1_renew + DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS / 2) / DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS;
    if (timeout > 0xffff) {
      timeout = 0xffff;
    }
    dhcp->t1_timeout = (u16_t)timeout;
    if (dhcp->t1_timeout == 0) {
      dhcp->t1_timeout = 1;
    }
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_bind(): set request timeout %"U32_F" msecs\n", dhcp->offered_t1_renew * 1000));
    dhcp->t1_renew_time = dhcp->t1_timeout;
  }
  /* set renewal period timer */
  if (dhcp->offered_t2_rebind != 0xffffffffUL) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_bind(): t2 rebind timer %"U32_F" secs\n", dhcp->offered_t2_rebind));
    timeout = (dhcp->offered_t2_rebind + DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS / 2) / DHCP_COARSE_TIMER_SECS;
    if (timeout > 0xffff) {
      timeout = 0xffff;
    }
    dhcp->t2_timeout = (u16_t)timeout;
    if (dhcp->t2_timeout == 0) {
      dhcp->t2_timeout = 1;
    }
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_bind(): set request timeout %"U32_F" msecs\n", dhcp->offered_t2_rebind * 1000));
    dhcp->t2_rebind_time = dhcp->t2_timeout;
  }

  /* If we have sub 1 minute lease, t2 and t1 will kick in at the same time. */
  if ((dhcp->t1_timeout >= dhcp->t2_timeout) && (dhcp->t2_timeout > 0)) {
    dhcp->t1_timeout = 0;
  }

  if (dhcp->subnet_mask_given) {
    /* copy offered network mask */
    ip4_addr_copy(sn_mask, dhcp->offered_sn_mask);
  } else {
    /* subnet mask not given, choose a safe subnet mask given the network class */
    u8_t first_octet = ip4_addr1(&dhcp->offered_ip_addr);
    if (first_octet <= 127) {
      ip4_addr_set_u32(&sn_mask, PP_HTONL(0xff000000UL));
    } else if (first_octet >= 192) {
      ip4_addr_set_u32(&sn_mask, PP_HTONL(0xffffff00UL));
    } else {
      ip4_addr_set_u32(&sn_mask, PP_HTONL(0xffff0000UL));
    }
  }

  ip4_addr_copy(gw_addr, dhcp->offered_gw_addr);
  /* gateway address not given? */
  if (ip4_addr_isany_val(gw_addr)) {
    /* copy network address */
    ip4_addr_get_network(&gw_addr, &dhcp->offered_ip_addr, &sn_mask);
    /* use first host address on network as gateway */
    ip4_addr_set_u32(&gw_addr, ip4_addr_get_u32(&gw_addr) | PP_HTONL(0x00000001UL));
  }

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_bind(): IP: 0x%08"X32_F" SN: 0x%08"X32_F" GW: 0x%08"X32_F"\n",
              ip4_addr_get_u32(&dhcp->offered_ip_addr), ip4_addr_get_u32(&sn_mask), ip4_addr_get_u32(&gw_addr)));
  /* netif is now bound to DHCP leased address - set this before assigning the address
     to ensure the callback can use dhcp_supplied_address() */
  dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_BOUND);

  netif_set_addr(netif, &dhcp->offered_ip_addr, &sn_mask, &gw_addr);
  /* interface is used by routing now that an address is set */
}

/**
 * @ingroup dhcp4
 * Renew an existing DHCP lease at the involved DHCP server.
 *
 * @param netif network interface which must renew its lease
 */
err_t
dhcp_renew(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
  err_t result;
  u16_t msecs;
  u8_t i;
  struct pbuf *p_out;
  u16_t options_out_len;

  LWIP_ASSERT_CORE_LOCKED();
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_renew()\n"));
  dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_RENEWING);

  /* create and initialize the DHCP message header */
  p_out = dhcp_create_msg(netif, dhcp, DHCP_REQUEST, &options_out_len);
  if (p_out != NULL) {
    struct dhcp_msg *msg_out = (struct dhcp_msg *)p_out->payload;
    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE_LEN);
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_short(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_MAX_MSG_LEN(netif));

    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_PARAMETER_REQUEST_LIST, LWIP_ARRAYSIZE(dhcp_discover_request_options));
    for (i = 0; i < LWIP_ARRAYSIZE(dhcp_discover_request_options); i++) {
      options_out_len = dhcp_option_byte(options_out_len, msg_out->options, dhcp_discover_request_options[i]);
    }

#if LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_hostname(options_out_len, msg_out->options, netif);
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME */

    LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_APPEND_OPTIONS(netif, dhcp, DHCP_STATE_RENEWING, msg_out, DHCP_REQUEST, &options_out_len);
    dhcp_option_trailer(options_out_len, msg_out->options, p_out);

    result = udp_sendto_if(dhcp_pcb, p_out, &dhcp->server_ip_addr, LWIP_IANA_PORT_DHCP_SERVER, netif);
    pbuf_free(p_out);

    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_renew: RENEWING\n"));
  } else {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS, ("dhcp_renew: could not allocate DHCP request\n"));
    result = ERR_MEM;
  }
  if (dhcp->tries < 255) {
    dhcp->tries++;
  }
  /* back-off on retries, but to a maximum of 20 seconds */
  msecs = (u16_t)(dhcp->tries < 10 ? dhcp->tries * 2000 : 20 * 1000);
  dhcp->request_timeout = (u16_t)((msecs + DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS - 1) / DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS);
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_renew(): set request timeout %"U16_F" msecs\n", msecs));
  return result;
}

/**
 * Rebind with a DHCP server for an existing DHCP lease.
 *
 * @param netif network interface which must rebind with a DHCP server
 */
static err_t
dhcp_rebind(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
  err_t result;
  u16_t msecs;
  u8_t i;
  struct pbuf *p_out;
  u16_t options_out_len;

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_rebind()\n"));
  dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_REBINDING);

  /* create and initialize the DHCP message header */
  p_out = dhcp_create_msg(netif, dhcp, DHCP_REQUEST, &options_out_len);
  if (p_out != NULL) {
    struct dhcp_msg *msg_out = (struct dhcp_msg *)p_out->payload;
    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE_LEN);
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_short(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_MAX_MSG_LEN(netif));

    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_PARAMETER_REQUEST_LIST, LWIP_ARRAYSIZE(dhcp_discover_request_options));
    for (i = 0; i < LWIP_ARRAYSIZE(dhcp_discover_request_options); i++) {
      options_out_len = dhcp_option_byte(options_out_len, msg_out->options, dhcp_discover_request_options[i]);
    }

#if LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_hostname(options_out_len, msg_out->options, netif);
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME */

    LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_APPEND_OPTIONS(netif, dhcp, DHCP_STATE_REBINDING, msg_out, DHCP_DISCOVER, &options_out_len);
    dhcp_option_trailer(options_out_len, msg_out->options, p_out);

    /* broadcast to server */
    result = udp_sendto_if(dhcp_pcb, p_out, IP_ADDR_BROADCAST, LWIP_IANA_PORT_DHCP_SERVER, netif);
    pbuf_free(p_out);
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_rebind: REBINDING\n"));
  } else {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS, ("dhcp_rebind: could not allocate DHCP request\n"));
    result = ERR_MEM;
  }
  if (dhcp->tries < 255) {
    dhcp->tries++;
  }
  msecs = (u16_t)(dhcp->tries < 10 ? dhcp->tries * 1000 : 10 * 1000);
  dhcp->request_timeout = (u16_t)((msecs + DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS - 1) / DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS);
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_rebind(): set request timeout %"U16_F" msecs\n", msecs));
  return result;
}

/**
 * Enter REBOOTING state to verify an existing lease
 *
 * @param netif network interface which must reboot
 */
static err_t
dhcp_reboot(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
  err_t result;
  u16_t msecs;
  u8_t i;
  struct pbuf *p_out;
  u16_t options_out_len;

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_reboot()\n"));
  dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_REBOOTING);

  /* create and initialize the DHCP message header */
  p_out = dhcp_create_msg(netif, dhcp, DHCP_REQUEST, &options_out_len);
  if (p_out != NULL) {
    struct dhcp_msg *msg_out = (struct dhcp_msg *)p_out->payload;
    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE, DHCP_OPTION_MAX_MSG_SIZE_LEN);
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_short(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_MAX_MSG_LEN_MIN_REQUIRED);

    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_REQUESTED_IP, 4);
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_long(options_out_len, msg_out->options, lwip_ntohl(ip4_addr_get_u32(&dhcp->offered_ip_addr)));

    options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_PARAMETER_REQUEST_LIST, LWIP_ARRAYSIZE(dhcp_discover_request_options));
    for (i = 0; i < LWIP_ARRAYSIZE(dhcp_discover_request_options); i++) {
      options_out_len = dhcp_option_byte(options_out_len, msg_out->options, dhcp_discover_request_options[i]);
    }

#if LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME
    options_out_len = dhcp_option_hostname(options_out_len, msg_out->options, netif);
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME */

    LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_APPEND_OPTIONS(netif, dhcp, DHCP_STATE_REBOOTING, msg_out, DHCP_REQUEST, &options_out_len);
    dhcp_option_trailer(options_out_len, msg_out->options, p_out);

    /* broadcast to server */
    result = udp_sendto_if(dhcp_pcb, p_out, IP_ADDR_BROADCAST, LWIP_IANA_PORT_DHCP_SERVER, netif);
    pbuf_free(p_out);
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_reboot: REBOOTING\n"));
  } else {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS, ("dhcp_reboot: could not allocate DHCP request\n"));
    result = ERR_MEM;
  }
  if (dhcp->tries < 255) {
    dhcp->tries++;
  }
  msecs = (u16_t)(dhcp->tries < 10 ? dhcp->tries * 1000 : 10 * 1000);
  dhcp->request_timeout = (u16_t)((msecs + DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS - 1) / DHCP_FINE_TIMER_MSECS);
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_reboot(): set request timeout %"U16_F" msecs\n", msecs));
  return result;
}

/**
 * @ingroup dhcp4
 * Release a DHCP lease and stop DHCP statemachine (and AUTOIP if LWIP_DHCP_AUTOIP_COOP).
 *
 * @param netif network interface
 */
void
dhcp_release_and_stop(struct netif *netif)
{
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
  ip_addr_t server_ip_addr;

  LWIP_ASSERT_CORE_LOCKED();
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_release_and_stop()\n"));
  if (dhcp == NULL) {
    return;
  }

  /* already off? -> nothing to do */
  if (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_OFF) {
    return;
  }

  ip_addr_copy(server_ip_addr, dhcp->server_ip_addr);

  /* clean old DHCP offer */
  ip_addr_set_zero_ip4(&dhcp->server_ip_addr);
  ip4_addr_set_zero(&dhcp->offered_ip_addr);
  ip4_addr_set_zero(&dhcp->offered_sn_mask);
  ip4_addr_set_zero(&dhcp->offered_gw_addr);
#if LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE
  ip4_addr_set_zero(&dhcp->offered_si_addr);
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE */
  dhcp->offered_t0_lease = dhcp->offered_t1_renew = dhcp->offered_t2_rebind = 0;
  dhcp->t1_renew_time = dhcp->t2_rebind_time = dhcp->lease_used = dhcp->t0_timeout = 0;

  /* send release message when current IP was assigned via DHCP */
  if (dhcp_supplied_address(netif)) {
    /* create and initialize the DHCP message header */
    struct pbuf *p_out;
    u16_t options_out_len;
    p_out = dhcp_create_msg(netif, dhcp, DHCP_RELEASE, &options_out_len);
    if (p_out != NULL) {
      struct dhcp_msg *msg_out = (struct dhcp_msg *)p_out->payload;
      options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_SERVER_ID, 4);
      options_out_len = dhcp_option_long(options_out_len, msg_out->options, lwip_ntohl(ip4_addr_get_u32(ip_2_ip4(&server_ip_addr))));

      LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_APPEND_OPTIONS(netif, dhcp, dhcp->state, msg_out, DHCP_RELEASE, &options_out_len);
      dhcp_option_trailer(options_out_len, msg_out->options, p_out);

      udp_sendto_if(dhcp_pcb, p_out, &server_ip_addr, LWIP_IANA_PORT_DHCP_SERVER, netif);
      pbuf_free(p_out);
      LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_STATE, ("dhcp_release: RELEASED, DHCP_STATE_OFF\n"));
    } else {
      /* sending release failed, but that's not a problem since the correct behaviour of dhcp does not rely on release */
      LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS, ("dhcp_release: could not allocate DHCP request\n"));
    }

    /* remove IP address from interface (prevents routing from selecting this interface) */
    netif_set_addr(netif, IP4_ADDR_ANY4, IP4_ADDR_ANY4, IP4_ADDR_ANY4);
  }

  dhcp_set_state(dhcp, DHCP_STATE_OFF);

  if (dhcp->pcb_allocated != 0) {
    dhcp_dec_pcb_refcount(); /* free DHCP PCB if not needed any more */
    dhcp->pcb_allocated = 0;
  }
}

/**
 * @ingroup dhcp4
 * This function calls dhcp_release_and_stop() internally.
 * @deprecated Use dhcp_release_and_stop() instead.
 */
err_t
dhcp_release(struct netif *netif)
{
  dhcp_release_and_stop(netif);
  return ERR_OK;
}

/**
 * @ingroup dhcp4
 * This function calls dhcp_release_and_stop() internally.
 * @deprecated Use dhcp_release_and_stop() instead.
 */
void
dhcp_stop(struct netif *netif)
{
  dhcp_release_and_stop(netif);
}

/*
 * Set the DHCP state of a DHCP client.
 *
 * If the state changed, reset the number of tries.
 */
static void
dhcp_set_state(struct dhcp *dhcp, u8_t new_state)
{
  if (new_state != dhcp->state) {
    dhcp->state = new_state;
    dhcp->tries = 0;
    dhcp->request_timeout = 0;
  }
}

/*
 * Concatenate an option type and length field to the outgoing
 * DHCP message.
 *
 */
static u16_t
dhcp_option(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, u8_t option_type, u8_t option_len)
{
  LWIP_ASSERT("dhcp_option: options_out_len + 2 + option_len <= DHCP_OPTIONS_LEN", options_out_len + 2U + option_len <= DHCP_OPTIONS_LEN);
  options[options_out_len++] = option_type;
  options[options_out_len++] = option_len;
  return options_out_len;
}
/*
 * Concatenate a single byte to the outgoing DHCP message.
 *
 */
static u16_t
dhcp_option_byte(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, u8_t value)
{
  LWIP_ASSERT("dhcp_option_byte: options_out_len < DHCP_OPTIONS_LEN", options_out_len < DHCP_OPTIONS_LEN);
  options[options_out_len++] = value;
  return options_out_len;
}

static u16_t
dhcp_option_short(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, u16_t value)
{
  LWIP_ASSERT("dhcp_option_short: options_out_len + 2 <= DHCP_OPTIONS_LEN", options_out_len + 2U <= DHCP_OPTIONS_LEN);
  options[options_out_len++] = (u8_t)((value & 0xff00U) >> 8);
  options[options_out_len++] = (u8_t) (value & 0x00ffU);
  return options_out_len;
}

static u16_t
dhcp_option_long(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, u32_t value)
{
  LWIP_ASSERT("dhcp_option_long: options_out_len + 4 <= DHCP_OPTIONS_LEN", options_out_len + 4U <= DHCP_OPTIONS_LEN);
  options[options_out_len++] = (u8_t)((value & 0xff000000UL) >> 24);
  options[options_out_len++] = (u8_t)((value & 0x00ff0000UL) >> 16);
  options[options_out_len++] = (u8_t)((value & 0x0000ff00UL) >> 8);
  options[options_out_len++] = (u8_t)((value & 0x000000ffUL));
  return options_out_len;
}

#if LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME
static u16_t
dhcp_option_hostname(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, struct netif *netif)
{
  if (netif->hostname != NULL) {
    size_t namelen = strlen(netif->hostname);
    if (namelen > 0) {
      size_t len;
      const char *p = netif->hostname;
      /* Shrink len to available bytes (need 2 bytes for OPTION_HOSTNAME
         and 1 byte for trailer) */
      size_t available = DHCP_OPTIONS_LEN - options_out_len - 3;
      LWIP_ASSERT("DHCP: hostname is too long!", namelen <= available);
      len = LWIP_MIN(namelen, available);
      LWIP_ASSERT("DHCP: hostname is too long!", len <= 0xFF);
      options_out_len = dhcp_option(options_out_len, options, DHCP_OPTION_HOSTNAME, (u8_t)len);
      while (len--) {
        options_out_len = dhcp_option_byte(options_out_len, options, *p++);
      }
    }
  }
  return options_out_len;
}
#endif /* LWIP_NETIF_HOSTNAME */

/**
 * Extract the DHCP message and the DHCP options.
 *
 * Extract the DHCP message and the DHCP options, each into a contiguous
 * piece of memory. As a DHCP message is variable sized by its options,
 * and also allows overriding some fields for options, the easy approach
 * is to first unfold the options into a contiguous piece of memory, and
 * use that further on.
 *
 */
static err_t
dhcp_parse_reply(struct pbuf *p, struct dhcp *dhcp)
{
  u8_t *options;
  u16_t offset;
  u16_t offset_max;
  u16_t options_offset;
  u16_t options_idx;
  u16_t options_idx_max;
  struct pbuf *q;
  int parse_file_as_options = 0;
  int parse_sname_as_options = 0;
  struct dhcp_msg *msg_in;
#if LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE
  int file_overloaded = 0;
#endif

  LWIP_UNUSED_ARG(dhcp);

  /* clear received options */
  dhcp_clear_all_options(dhcp);
  /* check that beginning of dhcp_msg (up to and including chaddr) is in first pbuf */
  if (p->len < DHCP_SNAME_OFS) {
    return ERR_BUF;
  }
  msg_in = (struct dhcp_msg *)p->payload;
#if LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE
  /* clear boot file name */
  dhcp->boot_file_name[0] = 0;
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE */

  /* parse options */

  /* start with options field */
  options_idx = DHCP_OPTIONS_OFS;
  /* parse options to the end of the received packet */
  options_idx_max = p->tot_len;
again:
  q = p;
  options_offset = options_idx;
  while ((q != NULL) && (options_idx >= q->len)) {
    options_idx = (u16_t)(options_idx - q->len);
    options_idx_max = (u16_t)(options_idx_max - q->len);
    q = q->next;
  }
  if (q == NULL) {
    return ERR_BUF;
  }
  offset = options_idx;
  offset_max = options_idx_max;
  options = (u8_t *)q->payload;
  /* at least 1 byte to read and no end marker, then at least 3 bytes to read? */
  while ((q != NULL) && (offset < offset_max) && (options[offset] != DHCP_OPTION_END)) {
    u8_t op = options[offset];
    u8_t len;
    u8_t decode_len = 0;
    int decode_idx = -1;
    u16_t val_offset = (u16_t)(offset + 2);
    if (val_offset < offset) {
      /* overflow */
      return ERR_BUF;
    }
    /* len byte might be in the next pbuf */
    if ((offset + 1) < q->len) {
      len = options[offset + 1];
    } else {
      len = (q->next != NULL ? ((u8_t *)q->next->payload)[0] : 0);
    }
    /* LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG, ("msg_offset=%"U16_F", q->len=%"U16_F, msg_offset, q->len)); */
    decode_len = len;
    switch (op) {
      /* case(DHCP_OPTION_END): handled above */
      case (DHCP_OPTION_PAD):
        /* special option: no len encoded */
        decode_len = len = 0;
        /* will be increased below */
        break;
      case (DHCP_OPTION_SUBNET_MASK):
        LWIP_ERROR("len == 4", len == 4, return ERR_VAL;);
        decode_idx = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_SUBNET_MASK;
        break;
      case (DHCP_OPTION_ROUTER):
        decode_len = 4; /* only copy the first given router */
        LWIP_ERROR("len >= decode_len", len >= decode_len, return ERR_VAL;);
        decode_idx = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_ROUTER;
        break;
#if LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS
      case (DHCP_OPTION_DNS_SERVER):
        /* special case: there might be more than one server */
        LWIP_ERROR("len %% 4 == 0", len % 4 == 0, return ERR_VAL;);
        /* limit number of DNS servers */
        decode_len = LWIP_MIN(len, 4 * DNS_MAX_SERVERS);
        LWIP_ERROR("len >= decode_len", len >= decode_len, return ERR_VAL;);
        decode_idx = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_DNS_SERVER;
        break;
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_PROVIDE_DNS_SERVERS */
      case (DHCP_OPTION_LEASE_TIME):
        LWIP_ERROR("len == 4", len == 4, return ERR_VAL;);
        decode_idx = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_LEASE_TIME;
        break;
#if LWIP_DHCP_GET_NTP_SRV
      case (DHCP_OPTION_NTP):
        /* special case: there might be more than one server */
        LWIP_ERROR("len %% 4 == 0", len % 4 == 0, return ERR_VAL;);
        /* limit number of NTP servers */
        decode_len = LWIP_MIN(len, 4 * LWIP_DHCP_MAX_NTP_SERVERS);
        LWIP_ERROR("len >= decode_len", len >= decode_len, return ERR_VAL;);
        decode_idx = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_NTP_SERVER;
        break;
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_GET_NTP_SRV*/
      case (DHCP_OPTION_OVERLOAD):
        LWIP_ERROR("len == 1", len == 1, return ERR_VAL;);
        /* decode overload only in options, not in file/sname: invalid packet */
        LWIP_ERROR("overload in file/sname", options_offset == DHCP_OPTIONS_OFS, return ERR_VAL;);
        decode_idx = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_OVERLOAD;
        break;
      case (DHCP_OPTION_MESSAGE_TYPE):
        LWIP_ERROR("len == 1", len == 1, return ERR_VAL;);
        decode_idx = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MSG_TYPE;
        break;
      case (DHCP_OPTION_SERVER_ID):
        LWIP_ERROR("len == 4", len == 4, return ERR_VAL;);
        decode_idx = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_SERVER_ID;
        break;
      case (DHCP_OPTION_T1):
        LWIP_ERROR("len == 4", len == 4, return ERR_VAL;);
        decode_idx = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_T1;
        break;
      case (DHCP_OPTION_T2):
        LWIP_ERROR("len == 4", len == 4, return ERR_VAL;);
        decode_idx = DHCP_OPTION_IDX_T2;
        break;
      default:
        decode_len = 0;
        LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG, ("skipping option %"U16_F" in options\n", (u16_t)op));
        LWIP_HOOK_DHCP_PARSE_OPTION(ip_current_netif(), dhcp, dhcp->state, msg_in,
                                    dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MSG_TYPE) ? (u8_t)dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MSG_TYPE) : 0,
                                    op, len, q, val_offset);
        break;
    }
    if (op == DHCP_OPTION_PAD) {
      offset++;
    } else {
      if (offset + len + 2 > 0xFFFF) {
        /* overflow */
        return ERR_BUF;
      }
      offset = (u16_t)(offset + len + 2);
      if (decode_len > 0) {
        u32_t value = 0;
        u16_t copy_len;
decode_next:
        LWIP_ASSERT("check decode_idx", decode_idx >= 0 && decode_idx < DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MAX);
        if (!dhcp_option_given(dhcp, decode_idx)) {
          copy_len = LWIP_MIN(decode_len, 4);
          if (pbuf_copy_partial(q, &value, copy_len, val_offset) != copy_len) {
            return ERR_BUF;
          }
          if (decode_len > 4) {
            /* decode more than one u32_t */
            u16_t next_val_offset;
            LWIP_ERROR("decode_len %% 4 == 0", decode_len % 4 == 0, return ERR_VAL;);
            dhcp_got_option(dhcp, decode_idx);
            dhcp_set_option_value(dhcp, decode_idx, lwip_htonl(value));
            decode_len = (u8_t)(decode_len - 4);
            next_val_offset = (u16_t)(val_offset + 4);
            if (next_val_offset < val_offset) {
              /* overflow */
              return ERR_BUF;
            }
            val_offset = next_val_offset;
            decode_idx++;
            goto decode_next;
          } else if (decode_len == 4) {
            value = lwip_ntohl(value);
          } else {
            LWIP_ERROR("invalid decode_len", decode_len == 1, return ERR_VAL;);
            value = ((u8_t *)&value)[0];
          }
          dhcp_got_option(dhcp, decode_idx);
          dhcp_set_option_value(dhcp, decode_idx, value);
        }
      }
    }
    if (offset >= q->len) {
      offset = (u16_t)(offset - q->len);
      offset_max = (u16_t)(offset_max - q->len);
      if (offset < offset_max) {
        q = q->next;
        LWIP_ERROR("next pbuf was null", q != NULL, return ERR_VAL;);
        options = (u8_t *)q->payload;
      } else {
        /* We've run out of bytes, probably no end marker. Don't proceed. */
        return ERR_BUF;
      }
    }
  }
  /* is this an overloaded message? */
  if (dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_OVERLOAD)) {
    u32_t overload = dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_OVERLOAD);
    dhcp_clear_option(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_OVERLOAD);
    if (overload == DHCP_OVERLOAD_FILE) {
      parse_file_as_options = 1;
      LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("overloaded file field\n"));
    } else if (overload == DHCP_OVERLOAD_SNAME) {
      parse_sname_as_options = 1;
      LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("overloaded sname field\n"));
    } else if (overload == DHCP_OVERLOAD_SNAME_FILE) {
      parse_sname_as_options = 1;
      parse_file_as_options = 1;
      LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("overloaded sname and file field\n"));
    } else {
      LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("invalid overload option: %d\n", (int)overload));
    }
  }
  if (parse_file_as_options) {
    /* if both are overloaded, parse file first and then sname (RFC 2131 ch. 4.1) */
    parse_file_as_options = 0;
    options_idx = DHCP_FILE_OFS;
    options_idx_max = DHCP_FILE_OFS + DHCP_FILE_LEN;
#if LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE
    file_overloaded = 1;
#endif
    goto again;
  } else if (parse_sname_as_options) {
    parse_sname_as_options = 0;
    options_idx = DHCP_SNAME_OFS;
    options_idx_max = DHCP_SNAME_OFS + DHCP_SNAME_LEN;
    goto again;
  }
#if LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE
  if (!file_overloaded) {
    /* only do this for ACK messages */
    if (dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MSG_TYPE) &&
      (dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MSG_TYPE) == DHCP_ACK))
    /* copy bootp file name, don't care for sname (server hostname) */
    if (pbuf_copy_partial(p, dhcp->boot_file_name, DHCP_FILE_LEN-1, DHCP_FILE_OFS) != (DHCP_FILE_LEN-1)) {
      return ERR_BUF;
    }
    /* make sure the string is really NULL-terminated */
    dhcp->boot_file_name[DHCP_FILE_LEN-1] = 0;
  }
#endif /* LWIP_DHCP_BOOTP_FILE */
  return ERR_OK;
}

/**
 * If an incoming DHCP message is in response to us, then trigger the state machine
 */
static void
dhcp_recv(void *arg, struct udp_pcb *pcb, struct pbuf *p, const ip_addr_t *addr, u16_t port)
{
  struct netif *netif = ip_current_input_netif();
  struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
  struct dhcp_msg *reply_msg = (struct dhcp_msg *)p->payload;
  u8_t msg_type;
  u8_t i;
  struct dhcp_msg *msg_in;

  LWIP_UNUSED_ARG(arg);

  /* Caught DHCP message from netif that does not have DHCP enabled? -> not interested */
  if ((dhcp == NULL) || (dhcp->pcb_allocated == 0)) {
    goto free_pbuf_and_return;
  }

  LWIP_ASSERT("invalid server address type", IP_IS_V4(addr));

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("dhcp_recv(pbuf = %p) from DHCP server %"U16_F".%"U16_F".%"U16_F".%"U16_F" port %"U16_F"\n", (void *)p,
              ip4_addr1_16(ip_2_ip4(addr)), ip4_addr2_16(ip_2_ip4(addr)), ip4_addr3_16(ip_2_ip4(addr)), ip4_addr4_16(ip_2_ip4(addr)), port));
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf->len = %"U16_F"\n", p->len));
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("pbuf->tot_len = %"U16_F"\n", p->tot_len));
  /* prevent warnings about unused arguments */
  LWIP_UNUSED_ARG(pcb);
  LWIP_UNUSED_ARG(addr);
  LWIP_UNUSED_ARG(port);

  if (p->len < DHCP_MIN_REPLY_LEN) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_WARNING, ("DHCP reply message or pbuf too short\n"));
    goto free_pbuf_and_return;
  }

  if (reply_msg->op != DHCP_BOOTREPLY) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_WARNING, ("not a DHCP reply message, but type %"U16_F"\n", (u16_t)reply_msg->op));
    goto free_pbuf_and_return;
  }
  /* iterate through hardware address and match against DHCP message */
  for (i = 0; i < netif->hwaddr_len && i < LWIP_MIN(DHCP_CHADDR_LEN, NETIF_MAX_HWADDR_LEN); i++) {
    if (netif->hwaddr[i] != reply_msg->chaddr[i]) {
      LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_WARNING,
                  ("netif->hwaddr[%"U16_F"]==%02"X16_F" != reply_msg->chaddr[%"U16_F"]==%02"X16_F"\n",
                   (u16_t)i, (u16_t)netif->hwaddr[i], (u16_t)i, (u16_t)reply_msg->chaddr[i]));
      goto free_pbuf_and_return;
    }
  }
  /* match transaction ID against what we expected */
  if (lwip_ntohl(reply_msg->xid) != dhcp->xid) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_WARNING,
                ("transaction id mismatch reply_msg->xid(%"X32_F")!=dhcp->xid(%"X32_F")\n", lwip_ntohl(reply_msg->xid), dhcp->xid));
    goto free_pbuf_and_return;
  }
  /* option fields could be unfold? */
  if (dhcp_parse_reply(p, dhcp) != ERR_OK) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS,
                ("problem unfolding DHCP message - too short on memory?\n"));
    goto free_pbuf_and_return;
  }

  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("searching DHCP_OPTION_MESSAGE_TYPE\n"));
  /* obtain pointer to DHCP message type */
  if (!dhcp_option_given(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MSG_TYPE)) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_WARNING, ("DHCP_OPTION_MESSAGE_TYPE option not found\n"));
    goto free_pbuf_and_return;
  }

  msg_in = (struct dhcp_msg *)p->payload;
  /* read DHCP message type */
  msg_type = (u8_t)dhcp_get_option_value(dhcp, DHCP_OPTION_IDX_MSG_TYPE);
  /* message type is DHCP ACK? */
  if (msg_type == DHCP_ACK) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("DHCP_ACK received\n"));
    /* in requesting state or just reconnected to the network? */
    if ((dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REQUESTING) ||
        (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REBOOTING)) {
      dhcp_handle_ack(netif, msg_in);
#if LWIP_DHCP_DOES_ACD_CHECK
      if ((netif->flags & NETIF_FLAG_ETHARP) != 0) {
        /* check if the acknowledged lease address is already in use */
        dhcp_check(netif);
      } else {
        /* bind interface to the acknowledged lease address */
        dhcp_bind(netif);
      }
#else
      /* bind interface to the acknowledged lease address */
      dhcp_bind(netif);
#endif
    }
    /* already bound to the given lease address and using it? */
    else if ((dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REBINDING) ||
             (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_RENEWING)) {
      dhcp_handle_ack(netif, msg_in);
      dhcp_bind(netif);
    }
  }
  /* received a DHCP_NAK in appropriate state? */
  else if ((msg_type == DHCP_NAK) &&
           ((dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REBOOTING) || (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REQUESTING) ||
            (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REBINDING) || (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_RENEWING  ))) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("DHCP_NAK received\n"));
    dhcp_handle_nak(netif);
  }
  /* received a DHCP_OFFER in DHCP_STATE_SELECTING state? */
  else if ((msg_type == DHCP_OFFER) && (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_SELECTING)) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE, ("DHCP_OFFER received in DHCP_STATE_SELECTING state\n"));
    /* remember offered lease */
    dhcp_handle_offer(netif, msg_in);
  }

free_pbuf_and_return:
  pbuf_free(p);
}

/**
 * Create a DHCP request, fill in common headers
 *
 * @param netif the netif under DHCP control
 * @param dhcp dhcp control struct
 * @param message_type message type of the request
 */
static struct pbuf *
dhcp_create_msg(struct netif *netif, struct dhcp *dhcp, u8_t message_type, u16_t *options_out_len)
{
  u16_t i;
  struct pbuf *p_out;
  struct dhcp_msg *msg_out;
  u16_t options_out_len_loc;

#ifndef DHCP_GLOBAL_XID
  /** default global transaction identifier starting value (easy to match
   *  with a packet analyser). We simply increment for each new request.
   *  Predefine DHCP_GLOBAL_XID to a better value or a function call to generate one
   *  at runtime, any supporting function prototypes can be defined in DHCP_GLOBAL_XID_HEADER */
#if DHCP_CREATE_RAND_XID && defined(LWIP_RAND)
  static u32_t xid;
#else /* DHCP_CREATE_RAND_XID && defined(LWIP_RAND) */
  static u32_t xid = 0xABCD0000;
#endif /* DHCP_CREATE_RAND_XID && defined(LWIP_RAND) */
#else
  if (!xid_initialised) {
    xid = DHCP_GLOBAL_XID;
    xid_initialised = !xid_initialised;
  }
#endif
  LWIP_ERROR("dhcp_create_msg: netif != NULL", (netif != NULL), return NULL;);
  LWIP_ERROR("dhcp_create_msg: dhcp != NULL", (dhcp != NULL), return NULL;);
  p_out = pbuf_alloc(PBUF_TRANSPORT, sizeof(struct dhcp_msg), PBUF_RAM);
  if (p_out == NULL) {
    LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE | LWIP_DBG_LEVEL_SERIOUS,
                ("dhcp_create_msg(): could not allocate pbuf\n"));
    return NULL;
  }
  LWIP_ASSERT("dhcp_create_msg: check that first pbuf can hold struct dhcp_msg",
              (p_out->len >= sizeof(struct dhcp_msg)));

  /* DHCP_REQUEST should reuse 'xid' from DHCPOFFER */
  if ((message_type != DHCP_REQUEST) || (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REBOOTING)) {
    /* reuse transaction identifier in retransmissions */
    if (dhcp->tries == 0) {
#if DHCP_CREATE_RAND_XID && defined(LWIP_RAND)
      xid = LWIP_RAND();
#else /* DHCP_CREATE_RAND_XID && defined(LWIP_RAND) */
      xid++;
#endif /* DHCP_CREATE_RAND_XID && defined(LWIP_RAND) */
    }
    dhcp->xid = xid;
  }
  LWIP_DEBUGF(DHCP_DEBUG | LWIP_DBG_TRACE,
              ("transaction id xid(%"X32_F")\n", xid));

  msg_out = (struct dhcp_msg *)p_out->payload;
  memset(msg_out, 0, sizeof(struct dhcp_msg));

  msg_out->op = DHCP_BOOTREQUEST;
  /* @todo: make link layer independent */
  msg_out->htype = LWIP_IANA_HWTYPE_ETHERNET;
  msg_out->hlen = netif->hwaddr_len;
  msg_out->xid = lwip_htonl(dhcp->xid);
  /* we don't need the broadcast flag since we can receive unicast traffic
     before being fully configured! */
  /* set ciaddr to netif->ip_addr based on message_type and state */
  if ((message_type == DHCP_INFORM) || (message_type == DHCP_DECLINE) || (message_type == DHCP_RELEASE) ||
      ((message_type == DHCP_REQUEST) && /* DHCP_STATE_BOUND not used for sending! */
       ((dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_RENEWING) || dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REBINDING))) {
    ip4_addr_copy(msg_out->ciaddr, *netif_ip4_addr(netif));
  }
  for (i = 0; i < LWIP_MIN(DHCP_CHADDR_LEN, NETIF_MAX_HWADDR_LEN); i++) {
    /* copy netif hardware address (padded with zeroes through memset already) */
    msg_out->chaddr[i] = netif->hwaddr[i];
  }
  msg_out->cookie = PP_HTONL(DHCP_MAGIC_COOKIE);
  /* Add option MESSAGE_TYPE */
  options_out_len_loc = dhcp_option(0, msg_out->options, DHCP_OPTION_MESSAGE_TYPE, DHCP_OPTION_MESSAGE_TYPE_LEN);
  options_out_len_loc = dhcp_option_byte(options_out_len_loc, msg_out->options, message_type);
  if (options_out_len) {
    *options_out_len = options_out_len_loc;
  }
  return p_out;
}

/**
 * Add a DHCP message trailer
 *
 * Adds the END option to the DHCP message, and if
 * necessary, up to three padding bytes.
 */
static void
dhcp_option_trailer(u16_t options_out_len, u8_t *options, struct pbuf *p_out)
{
  options[options_out_len++] = DHCP_OPTION_END;
  /* packet is too small, or not 4 byte aligned? */
  while (((options_out_len < DHCP_MIN_OPTIONS_LEN) || (options_out_len & 3)) &&
         (options_out_len < DHCP_OPTIONS_LEN)) {
    /* add a fill/padding byte */
    options[options_out_len++] = 0;
  }
  /* shrink the pbuf to the actual content length */
  pbuf_realloc(p_out, (u16_t)(sizeof(struct dhcp_msg) - DHCP_OPTIONS_LEN + options_out_len));
}

/** check if DHCP supplied netif->ip_addr
 *
 * @param netif the netif to check
 * @return 1 if DHCP supplied netif->ip_addr (states BOUND or RENEWING),
 *         0 otherwise
 */
u8_t
dhcp_supplied_address(const struct netif *netif)
{
  if ((netif != NULL) && (netif_dhcp_data(netif) != NULL)) {
    struct dhcp *dhcp = netif_dhcp_data(netif);
    return (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_BOUND) || (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_RENEWING) ||
           (dhcp->state == DHCP_STATE_REBINDING);
  }
  return 0;
}

#endif /* LWIP_IPV4 && LWIP_DHCP */
